The sun was reflected off the white snow with dazzling brightness, and we were all struck to the very heart by a feeling of awe.". Japanese Antarctic Expedition, collection Japanese Antarctic Expedition. Assistant Professor of History, Texas Tech University, Daniella McCahey has received funding from the Royal Society of New Zealand and the National Science Foundation. At the head of a major public relations campaign, Hillarys attachment to the expedition was a big factor in growing support for the expedition. [8] He accepted the Japanese expedition as genuine only their late start, he argued, had forced them to seek shelter in Australia. Japanese expedition repts finding uranium on Prince Harald Coast. [8][81] The Japanese were, however, the first to make a successful landing on King Edward VII Land from the sea. Hillary began his depot-laying journey on October 14, 1957. They reached 15120'W,[88] thus exceeding Scott's mark by a distance calculated as 17.3km (11 miles). Syowa Station, the primary station for JARE operations, is located along the northeastern coastal region of Ltzow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica (69 00'S, 39 35'E), and was opened on 29 January 1957. Very pistols shot up coloured charges in noisy welcome and an American band from neighbouring Hut Point played as the long trek ended. Moreover, it marked the beginning of modern New Zealands close identification with Antarctica and its own Scott Base, and the end of old colonial hierarchies on the ice. On top of that, it carries a Navy pursuit plane and it drives over the South Pole's icy wastelands. [26][27], Initial reactions in Wellington to this unexpected late arrival were of amusement and suspicion. [57] An advance party ascended the Barrier to examine the surface and judge its suitability for travel. at the North Pole. Hokkaido (1888 - 1958) Kainan Maru Ship Crew. The 15 dogs had been left chained with several days' worth of food accessible.[1]. 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan Even though the expedition remained officially separate, it could be seen as supporting the IGYs wide-ranging scientific research efforts. The 1958 ill-fated Japanese expedition to Antarctica inspired the 1983 hit film, Antarctica, of which Eight Below is a remake. [5] [6] The harshness of these experiences did not diminish his Arctic ambitions. [44] In 2002, a memorial tablet was placed in Parsley Bay, to commemorate the 90th anniversary of the Japanese expedition's sojourn there. From the Box: Official Observer Reports. [10] The ship was placed under the command of an experienced seafarer, Captain Naokichi Nomura. The unloading completed, Kainan Maru departed for King Edward VII Land, leaving seven men on the Barrier. . [8] A documentary film, constructed from Taizumi's footage, was a commercial success, but this did not benefit Shirase, who had sold the rights to the film company. [88], Kainan Maru then sailed further east, in an attempt to pass the most easterly longitude, 152W, recorded by Scott's Discovery. The Antarctic Treaty. [20] The event proved anticlimactic; Kainan Maru was not ready to sail that day. This project was a part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), and Japanese Syowa Station was established on Ongul Island in Antarctica in 1957. . Footage of the remains of Sir Ernest Shackleton's ship Endurance. Japan's slow emergence from isolation, following the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868, kept it largely aloof from the growing international interest in polar exploration that escalated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Two Sakhalin Husky dogs, Taro and Jiro, who survived in Antarctica for a year. It read: On the completion of your hard and adventurous journey across Antarctica, my husband and I send our warmest congratulations to you and all members of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition. An emergency evacuation resulted in the abandonment of 15 sled dogs. It was forgotten that the Russian navigators Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev had already discovered the coast proclaimed by Japan 91 years earlier. The expedition was now characterised as a race to the Pole by two national parties headed by the adventurer Hillary and the scientist Fuchs. [44] On 22 June, the camp was decorated with flags to mark the coronation of King George V, and visitors were entertained with exhibitions of traditional martial arts. 4.0 Antarctica. The term autograph is used when the author has signed the item. The Queen will confer a knighthood on Dr Fuchs, it was announced from 10 Downing Street. To reduce costs and reflect New Zealands agricultural strengths, he travelled with three TE20 Massey Ferguson tractors, modified with a full tracking system for use in the snowy conditions. request forms, policies, and pricing guidelines. [92] Kainan Maru left the bay on 4 February. Even the American expedition to the Weddell Sea in 1947-48 did not acknowledge British sovereignty. Information provided includes measurements. [35][29], The initial reception in Sydney was cool, even hostile. They reported that the terrain was full of crevasses, some thinly covered with ice and snow, and that surface travel for any distance would be well-nigh impossible. [47], When the ship's refurbishment was complete and the expedition ready to depart, Shirase and his officers wrote to David thanking him for all the help he had given: "You were good enough to set the seal of your magnificent reputation upon our bona fides, and to treat us as brothers in the realm of science Whatever may be the fate of our enterprise, we will never forget you". the research station" Showa station" which located at 6900 S 3935 E in. OPINION: When the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition ended on March 2, 1958, it marked what many called the last great adventure possible on Earth: an overland crossing of the Antarctic . These were the two youngest dogs on the team (at three years old) were brothers, and were the pups of Kuma, a dog that had also been on the chain at Showa, but had broken free and disappeared. The expeditions origins go back to 1953, when Vivian Fuchs, a geologist with the Falkland Islands Dependency Survey, began circulating a proposal for the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (TAE). As part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), 1956-1958 Japan instigated a programme of Antarctic research. To request this item, please visit or contact us. Fuchs party arrived, rather anticlimactically, at Scott Base on March 2, 1958, completing the historic 3473km journey. . He acted as a liaison between the expedition and local authorities and businesses, and with his advocacy the Australians' attitude to their visitors improved. For Fuchs to succeed in journeying from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea via the South Pole, his plan like that of Ernest Shackletons ill-fated attempt 40 years earlier depended on a supporting party from New Zealand. November 6, 2014 by May Norris. On 29 November 1910, a Japanese expedition bound for the Antarctic left Tokyo's Shibaura Harbour, farewelled by a crowd of over 50,000 people. Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) commenced on the occasion of International Geophysical Year in 1957-1958. In January 1957 the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) needed a sled dog to accompany its researchers, with the Sakhalin Husky, or Karafuto Ken as the . . Description. Luckily not all of these photographs capture tragic events that occurred in history, as there are plenty that captures the glory of the past. [100] In 2011, to mark the expedition's centenary, the Shirase Expedition Supporters Association published a full English translation, by Lara Dagnell and Hilary Shibata, of the original expedition report (Nankyokuki Tanken) from 1913. [44] Nevertheless, life during the long winter months was generally frugal and monotonous,[43] "almost a beggar's life", Shirase later wrote. [25] In generally poor weather, Kainan Maru struggled southwards,[8][24] crossing the Equator on 29 December,[24] and arriving in Wellington, storm-battered and unannounced, on 7 February 1911. Dr Fuchs said that in the latter part of the trip, especially on the Skelton Glacier, the party was subject to winds up to 35 or 40 knots while travelling, and up to 50 knots when encamped. The Japanese Antarctic Expedition, led by army lieutenant Nobu Shirase, which aims to reach the Pole, is the first Japanese exploration of Antarctic territory. [96] He died in relative obscurity in 1946. [76] Arriving at their base camp on 31January, they recovered from their exertions by sleeping for 36hours. The former RGS president Clements Markham ignored the expedition altogether in his polar exploration history, The Lands of Silence. Japan commenced its scientific activities in Antarctica in 1956, which was marked by the voyage of "Soya" with the 1st Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) on board. Telephone +81-42-512-0647 / Facsimile +81-42-528-3174. [89] On the way back to the Bay of Whales they paused at a small bay which they named Okuma Bay in honour of the expedition's patron. Sparrow flees upriver into the jungle in order to escape the Kraken. [60] This decided, the ship turned westward towards the Bay of Whales; as they approached, they found to their astonishment that another ship was there. Fuchs tied the Trans-Antarctic Expedition to the scientific programme of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-1958. The ribbon worm Heteronemertes longifissa (Hubrecht, 1887) is the only heteronemertean species reported to have bipolar distribution, but this statement is doubtful. [60], Shirase now decided to divide the expedition into two parts. First published in the Sydney Morning Herald on March 3, 1958. In these 24 years, the Japanese sent 20 expeditions to the Antarctic, and established a scientific research base at 690 OTS, 0390 35E, in Enderby Land on the Indian Ocean coastline of the continent. The Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1955-1958 was a Commonwealth-sponsored expedition that successfully completed the first overland crossing of A. Kainan Maru arrived at Wellington on 23 March, where Shirase and a small party left the ship to take a faster steamer home, so they could prepare for the expedition's return. Member of the Ross Dependency Research Committee from its inception in 1958, chairman 1971-1983; president of the New Zealand Antarctic Society (1960-63); member of the New Zealand Geographic Board (1968-86), and chaired the Royal . By the time Fuchs arrived at the Pole on January 19, a media firestorm had exploded. At the head of a major public relations campaign, Hillarys attachment to the expedition was a big factor in growing support for the expedition. [28] Many New Zealanders found it hard to accept that this was a genuine Antarctic expedition, given the lateness in the season, the inadequate-looking vessel, the unsuitable equipment and food, the apparent lack of charts. Takesi Nagata led the summer operations for 1956-1957. . Shortly after his arrival at the Pole, Hillary sent a message to Fuchs suggesting he abandon his plans for completing a crossing, given the difficult conditions. The 1983 movie Antarctica is based on a 1958 Japanese expedition: two dogs really survived by themselves for one full year in Antarctica and recognized their master when he came back: tough dogs. [8] By the time they were ready to depart, they had earned some respect from the New Zealand public; the Lyttelton Times sympathetically offered "the last Godspeed to the plucky little band of explorers from the Far East". [68], "We saw a boundless plain of white ice stretching into infinity, meeting the blue sky and continuing beyond. One party would land at the Bay of Whales and form a "Dash Patrol" that would make a southern march across the Barrier, with the dogs. Copyright 20102023, The Conversation US, Inc. David formed a close friendship with Shirase, with whom he shared his knowledge and experience of Antarctic conditions. They were the first non-European team to explore in the Antarctic;[8] they made the first landing from the sea on King Edward VII Land, where both Scott (1902) and Shackleton (1908) had failed. [11], The government's response was lukewarm;[8] it agreed a financial contribution and the possible loan of a ship, but in the event, parliament would not release the funds. [10] Early in 1910 he presented an outline of his plans to the government, declaring that, within three years, he would raise the Japanese flag at the South Pole. Their obvious friendliness dispelled any ideas of ill-feeling between them over the controversy that raged in the outside world when Sir Edmund made his unscheduled dash to the South Pole ahead of his leader. Summarising the partys scientific work, Dr Fuchs said they had surveyed two mountain ranges in the Weddell Sea which were previously unknown. But as a historian of Antarctic science, I believe the expedition tells us about more than just Kiwi ingenuity and attitude. Jiro continued working as a sled dog in Antarctica and died there in 1960; his remains were stuffed and moved to the National Science Museum of Japan. The preparations began in 1955 and Vivian Fuchs sailed with an advance party from London to Antarctica in the Canadian sealer . [88][90] On 1 February they arrived at the Bay of Whales, but ice conditions prevented them for two days from beginning the embarkation of Shirase's party. New Zealander Sir Edmund Hillary - who has already conquered Mount Everest - arrived with his team 17 days ago. Cart. The succession of depots laid by Sir Edmund Hillarys support party helped to make the last part of the trip go smoothly, he said. Hillarys dash to the Pole was far more memorable than the actual crossing. One party, led by Tomoji Tsuchiya, headed south but were soon stopped by impassable ice. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. [21], Shirase set 28 November 1910 as his departure date,[22] and announced details of the timetable he planned to follow. The surrounding plain was named by Shirase as Yamato Yukihara ("Japanese Snow Plain"). Right from the get-go, the idea of staying with a bunch of strangers who didn't speak English at . Copyright National Institute of Polar Research All rights reserved. When the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition ended on March 2, 1958, it marked what many called the last great adventure possible on Earth: an overland crossing of the Antarctic continent . [31][35] Kainan Maru would now make for Sydney, Australia, to sit out the southern winter and prepare for a second season. Due to poor weather conditions, the expedition was unable to airlift out 15 dogs, which were left chained and with only a few days' worth of food. Read more: In the fall of 1957 the U.S. Department of State reviewed its Antarctic policy and sounded out agreements with the 11 other governments that were active in Antarctica during IGY. [5] At 30.48m (100ft) in length and registering 204 GRT,[19] she was much smaller than the other Antarctic ships of the era less than a third the size of Robert Falcon Scott's Terra Nova. But the Ross Sea Committee, which organised the expedition, worked to imbue the public with a sense that their country had a stake in the Antarctic territory they claimed: the New Zealand Antarctic Expedition, as it was often called domestically, would be a triumph for their nation. Shirase was received by the imperial family, and widely feted. The Treaty entered into force on 23 June 1961; the 12 signatories became the original 12 consultative nations. Three years after Fuchs and Hillarys official account of the expedition was published, Hillary published his own tell-all version which played up the masculinity and daring of the New Zealand party in opposition to the British. [57] As they sailed beyond the Bay of Whales, the ship was attacked by a school of killer whales, who soon withdrew when they realised the nature of their attempted prey, but not before they had caused considerable alarm to the deeply religious Ainus, who prayed fervently throughout the attack. [10] This ship was the Hoko Maru, a former fishing industry service boat. [28] The Christchurch Press thought they were "running it fine, even with their determination and daring". [30] The small leaves turned to large disks, four metres across, through which Kainan Maru attempted to drive a passage: "The crunch and crack every time we smashed through a floe were not at all pleasant. This resource consists of many volumes of data from the Japanese Arctic Research Expedition (JARE). [69] Two would remain at a base camp to carry out meteorological observations, while a five-man Dash Patrol marched southward; these five men were Shirase, Takeda, Miisho and the two Ainu dog drivers. [1] However, the idea intrigued and became a private passion for an army officer, Lieutenant Nobu Shirase,[2] who, inspired by the tales that reached him of European explorers such as Franklin, nursed a desire to emulate his heroes and explore the Arctic. The beginning of international cooperation in Antarctica and the start of the process by which Antarctica becomes "non-national". Sir Edmund Hillary led the New Zealand component of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (TAE) in 1955-58, under the overall command of the British explorer Dr Vivian Fuchs. Nobu Shirase [1913], Nankyokuki (2007), p.83. [97], In the wider world the expedition attracted little notice, eclipsed by the dramas surrounding Amundsen and Scott and also because the only available reports were in Japanese, a language little understood outside Japan. Cruise date: 4 Mar - 14 Mar, 2023. dataset; Argentina, Climatic Normals, 1931-1960. Details of conditions and fees may be had from the Archivist. [71], Clad in inadequate clothing and footwear, and with no experience of polar travel,[72] the Dash Patrol set out at noon on 20January. The dogs became a media sensation after their discovery, and became Japanese symbols of perseverance and fortitude. [75] Weather conditions were now much more favourable, and they covered the distance in three days, possibly the fastest polar sledge journey at that time. Asian researchers refer to the fact that a Japanese expedition led by Nobu Shirase visited West . Read the original article. At the time, the United Kingdoms claims in Antarctica were under increasing threat from Argentina and Chile. In fact, it was Hillary who selected, in a last-minute change, the bases location on Ross Island, as it was more convenient for the TAEs priority of travelling over the Polar Plateau. This would be the first overland crossing of the frozen continent. On May 2, 1958, U.S. Pres. The inscription describes the plaque as "a symbol of everlasting friendship between both countries".[104]. Takesi Nagata led the summer operations for 1956-1957. Dr Fuchs pictured after signing his autograph for a well-wisher, at Buckingham Palace, after receiving his knighthood in May. The collection is arranged in the order it was deposited at the Institute. . This telegram was accidentally released to the New Zealand press. In the end, New Zealanders donated more to the TAE per capita than the British public did. This project was a part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), and Japanese Syowa Station was established on Ongul Island in Antarctica in 1957. In the 1958 event, fifteen Sakhalin Husky sled dogs were abandoned when the expedition team was unable to return to the base. [37] After enduring another very rough passage, the ship reached the Australian port on 1 May. [79] The other party of three (Nishikawa, Watanabe and the cine-cameraman Taizumi), made better progress towards the Alexandra Mountains,[83][81] which Scott had observed from the sea in 1902, and named after the British queen. HDS30-23 This Polar Circle and Antarctic Peninsula cruise passes through waters travelled by Humpback, Minke and Fin whales. Communication proved difficult, although the Norwegians were received hospitably, with wine and cigars. [59] After naming the inlet Kainan Bay, they sailed away. [31][30], On 6 March the crew sighted distant land, about 65km (40 miles) to the south-east the peaks of the Admiralty Range in Victoria Land. Read more: (The Institute does not seek this permission on behalf of readers). The wreck of Endurance is a bridge to a bygone age, and a reminder of Antarctica's uncertain future. To cite this item, please refer to the style manual you are using for the rest of your work. [30] On 26 February the first iceberg was sighted,[30] after which the ship was surrounded by ice of all kinds, from loose brash to huge bergs. For the sake of bushido (honour) we must correct this regrettable situation". Members of the team attempting the first surface crossing of the Antarctic have joined up at the South Pole. Fuchs and his party arrived at the South Pole on 18 January 1958, and Hillary was there to meet them. In 2006, Disney released "Eight Below", a film that tells the story of a pack of abandoned sled dogs and their struggle to survive the hostile Antarctic landscape. [38] Tension had grown following Japan's recent military victories in Russia and China, and as in New Zealand, there was considerable suspicion about the party's true purpose. Sputnik 1 (launched on October 4, 1957) . He and his nine companions of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition reached Scott Base at 1.47 pm (11.47 am Sydney time) - 99 days after setting out from Shackleton. To date, China has undertaken 34 national Antarctic expeditions and runs four research As of April 2010, 17 additional nations (Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Finland . Even though the expedition remained officially separate, it could be seen as supporting the IGYs wide-ranging scientific research efforts. Sixty-five years later, its remembered in New Zealand chiefly for Sir Edmund Hillarys unplanned and controversial dash to the South Pole in a convoy of modified Massey Ferguson tractors. A bundle of congratulatory cables awaited Dr Fuchs. Dr Fuchs and Sir Edmund linked arms as they stepped from the leading snocat. But one never likes to regard any expedition as the last.. [14] Amid public indifference and press derision,[15] Shirase's fortunes turned when he secured the support of Count Okuma, the former prime minister, a figure of great prestige and influence. The 58th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition had a rare opportunity to conduct ship-based observations near the tip of East Antarctic Shirase Glacier when large areas of heavy sea ice broke up . [96] By then, Shirase had received belated public recognition; in 1933 he became honorary president of the newly formed Japanese Polar Research Institute. Fuchs tied the Trans-Antarctic Expedition to the scientific programme of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-1958. Well done.. It was concurrent with two major Antarctic endeavours led respectively by Roald Amundsen and Robert Falcon Scott, and has been relatively overlooked in polar history. [64], On 19 January, sea ice conditions having shifted, Kainan Maru was brought up close to the Barrier edge and the process of landing the shore party began. Queen Mother . Japanese Antarctic Expedition, collection, Antarctic Chronology, unpublished corrected revision of Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events, Manuscripts in the Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, England - a catalogue, Japanese Antarctic Expedition/Expedition plans, https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-japaneseantarcticexpedition, Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. Kainan Maru was taken further east along the coast than any previous ship; the Dash Patrol sledged faster than anyone before, and became only the fourth team up to that time to travel beyond 80S. In such cases the archivist will advise about any requirements imposed by the owner. [8][n 1] While some suspected them as being part of a Japanese plan to expand its influence southwards,[28] the New Zealand Times mocked the crew as "gorillas sailing about in a miserable whaler",[29] a remark that caused Shirase deep offence. 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