The people of the city spoke Assyrian, which is a "distinct language, albeit closely related to Babylonian, which was used in the regions south of Assur," Karen Radner, the Alexander von Humboldt chair for the ancient history of the Near and Middle East at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, wrote in her book "Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction (opens in new tab)" (Oxford University Press, 2015). [157] Though Nabopolassar was more successful than previous Babylonian rebels, it is unlikely that he would have been victorious in the end had the Medes under Cyaxares not entered the conflict in 615/614 BC. "5Z!nEl^^7EFdpqO!X-?8Y:?[=?~tky]U5ZO-. Bulgarian, Among the prominent members of this community were the metropolitan Eliya and the two traders Francis and Nicholas Lakhas. The Babylonians became fully independent during the reign of the Babylonian king Nabopolassar (reign ca. It is probable that large segments of the Christian population, Assyrians and the other groups, preferred the Turks rule over the Crusaders due to the Crusaders tending to be significantly more violent than the Seljuk Turks. [108], Through decades of military conquests, the early Neo-Assyrian kings worked to retake the former lands of their empire[109] and re-establish the position of Assyria as it was at the height of the Middle Assyrian Empire. 1 : a native or inhabitant of ancient Assyria 2 : the dialect of Akkadian spoken by the Assyrians Assyrian adjective Word History First Known Use 14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1 Time Traveler The first known use of Assyrian was in the 14th century See more words from the same century Dictionary Entries Near Assyrian Assyria Assyrian their names and pronunciation in the IPA, and their Latin transliteration. If you would like to make any corrections or additions to this page, or if [116], The reign of Ashurnasirpal's son Shalmaneser III (r.859824BC) also saw a considerable expansion of Assyrian territory. [278] Since her death, Shello has become an icon among the female warriors of the Peshmerga. Bugger This is used to express surprise or dissatisfaction. [28] Early on, Assur for a time fell under the loose hegemony of the Sumerian city of Kish[22] and it was later occupied by both the Akkadian Empire and then the Third Dynasty of Ur. to 1076 B.C.). [255] In the Massacres of Diyarberkir in 1895, around 25,000 Assyrians were killed. Due to continued Turkish annexation of Assyrian villages and imposing of Turkish names for them, many Assyrians fled Turkey, emigrating to countries such as Sweden, Germany, Austria and Switzerland. as belonging to the Aramaic branch of Semitic languages, which There are already a bunch of websites on the net that help you find synonyms for various words, but only a handful that help you find related, or even loosely associated words. In terms of church affairs, the Assyrians benefitted especially much from the regime change since the Abbasids ruled from Baghdad in Mesopotamia, and the Patriarchs of the Church of the East were thus closer to the seat of power than they had been under the Umayyads (who ruled from Damascus). At this time, Kltepe was also a city-state ruled by its own line of kings. [k] In 1843 and 1846, the Assyrians of Hakkari were massacred by the Kurdish emir of Bohtan and Hakkari, Bedir Khan Beg, and regional Ottoman forces. For purposes of historiography, ancient Assyrian history is often divided by modern researchers, based on . Although many Assyrian cities were destroyed or badly damaged, some Assyrians survived the downfall. [196] Nimrod, as well as other legendary Mesopotamian (though explicitly Assyrian in the texts) rulers, such as Belus and Ninus, sometimes play significant roles in the writings. Sennacherib's reign came to an end in 684 BC, murdered by his eldest surviving son Arda-Mulissu due to having made the younger son Esarhaddon (r.681669BC) heir. [46] Though the locals in Assur considered Shamshi-Adad and his family to be foreign conquerors,[52] Shamshi-Adad did have certain respect for Assur and sometimes stayed in the city and partook in its religious ceremonies. Koryak, Assur itself flourished in the late post-imperial period, perhaps once more under its own line of rulers as a semi-autonomous city-state, though the city was sacked and destroyed for the last time by the Sasanian Empire c. AD 240. [232] After twenty years of persecution under Ghazan and ljait, the internal structure and hierarchy of the Church of the East had been more or less destroyed and most of its church buildings were gone. [14] Though the sites of some nearby cities that would later be incorporated into the Assyrian heartland, such as Nineveh, are known to have been inhabited since the Neolithic,[15] the earliest archaeological evidence from Assur dates to the Early Dynastic Period, c. 2600 BC,[16] a time in which the surrounding region was already relatively urbanized. Note: all links on this site to Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.fr are affiliate links. Kurigalzu's betrayal resulted in deep trauma and was still referenced in Assyrian writings concerning Babylonia more than a century later. [168] Though Assyrians from both Athura and Media joined forces in an unsuccessful revolt against the Achaemenid king Darius the Great in 520 BC,[170] relations with the Achaemenid rulers were otherwise relatively peaceful. [266], With the collapse and breakup of the Ottoman Empire and the Qajar dynasty in Iran and the rise of new nation states in their place, many of the minorities of the Middle East began asserting their rights to self-determination and sovereignty, including the Assyrians. [119] This does not mean that there were no successes in this time. Kurdish hatred and distrust for the Assyrians stemmed from the many visits and promises by western missionaries to the Assyrians in the 19th century making the Kurds nervous. The role of aspiration in the translation of loanwords in Aramaic and Arabic, W. Arnold and H. Bobzin (ed. The new city was named Dur-Sharrukin ("Fort Sargon") after himself. Yupik (Central Siberian), Languages written with the Latin alphabet, if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_2',147,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_3',147,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1'); .large-mobile-banner-1-multi-147{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. [b] This time of atrocities was also marked by an increasing Assyrian cultural consciousness; the first Assyrian newspaper, Zahrir d-Bahra ("Rays of Light"), began publishing in 1848 and the earliest Assyrian political party, the Assyrian Socialist Party, was founded in 1917. [98], Ninurta-apal-Ekur's son Ashur-dan I (r.c. 11781133BC),[93] improved the situation somewhat, campaigning against the Babylonian king Zababa-shuma-iddin,[98] but his two sons Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur and Mutakkil-Nusku struggled for power with each other after his death. Khanty, Owen Jarus is a regular contributor to Live Science who writes about archaeology and humans' past. Ashur-nasir-pal II was king of Assyria from 883 B.C. Thankful, Sinharib then converts to Christianity and founds an important monastery near Mosul, called Deir Mar Mattai. If you like this site and find it useful, you can support it by making a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or by contributing in other ways. [103], From the time of Eriba-Adad II (r.10561054BC) onwards, the kings were unable to maintain the achievements of their predecessors. A swear word is a word or phrase that's generally considered blasphemous, obscene, vulgar, or otherwise offensive. He allied with the Babylonian king Marduk-zakir-shumi I, aiding his southern neighbor in both defeating the usurper Marduk-bel-ushati and in fighting against the Chaldeans in the far south of Mesopotamia. The Assyrian population prior to the genocide amounted to about 500,000600,000 people and the generally accepted estimate is that about 50% of the Assyrian people were killed. to 1274 B.C.) designating Assyria as comprising a larger kingdom, is first attested as being used in his time. The followers of the Church of the East where often pejoratively referred to as "Nestorians" by foreigners in later times, after Nestorius (c. 386450), an Archbishop of Constantinople whose teachings, including denying the hypostatic union (that Jesus was both fully God and fully man), were condemned at Chalcedon. It literally means "my penis in you." 5) Telhas Teeze Pronounced as: TEL-HAS TEE-ZEE Khinalug, So although you might see some synonyms of assyrian in the list below, many of the words below will have other relationships with assyrian - you could see a word with the exact opposite meaning in the word list, for example. Over time however, the growth of the Church of the East declined and eventually gradually reversed due to emigrations and conversions. According to the later Chronicle of Arbela, Arbela became the seat of a bishop already in AD 100, but the reliability of this document is questioned among scholars. [119] The age of the magnates is typically characterized as a period of decline,[120] with little to no territorial expansion and weak central power. Large Assyrian communities still live in the region, most prominently in Qamishli, along the Khabur river, in the Nineveh Plains and in Aleppo, which received an influx of Assyrian refugees during World War I. Post the Definition of Assyrian to Facebook, Share the Definition of Assyrian on Twitter, The businesss new computer system proved not to be a. Yukaghir (Southern / Kolyma), Assyria). ! Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian, Tuvan, In that case, here is a list of swear words for when you're feeling a bit more inspired. Soyot, Whereas some other groups, such as the Armenians, were organized into a single millet despite internal religious differences, the Ottomans separated the Sryani (Syriac Orthodox) and Keldani (Chaldean) groups into two different millets through official recognition of the Chaldeans in 1831. Agricultural villages in the region that would later become Assyria are known to have existed by the time of the Hassuna culture,[13] c. 63005800 BC. After the Iranian Revolution, new religious pressures were imposed by the government, which among other things led to Assyrian schools being forced to change to using Iranian names. [206] A handful of Sasanian sources made the connection between northern Mesopotamia and Assyria as well, despite sristn being used for the south. Under attack from two groups, while trying to maintain their holdings in the West, the Assyrian military came under pressure. [138] Sennacherib sailed across the Persian Gulf with a fleet built by Phoenician and Greek shipwrights[136] and captured and sacked countless Elamite cities. [211] Some local Christians fled from the conquered territories into the lands under Roman rule[212] and some, probably few in number, chose to convert to Islam for economic or political reasons. The Assyrian language and it's dialects are usually classified as belonging to the Aramaic branch of Semitic languages, which belong to the Afro-Asiatic language family. During the seventhcentury B.C., Assyrian rulers put down a series of rebellions inBabylonia. Ashurbanipal defeated his brother in 648 BC and Shamash-shum-ukin might have died by setting himself on fire in his palace. Suriyani Malayalam, In the Synchronistic History (a later Assyrian document), Ashur-resh-ishi is cast as a savior of the Assyrian Empire, defeating the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar I in several battles. Research shows that children start swearing by age the age of six - or younger - and we tend to swear about 0.5 to 0.7% of the time, which can amount to dozens of curse words a day, depending . [188] The Assyrian churches became separate from those of the wider Christian world in the aftermath of the 451 Council of Chalcedon, which was rejected by the groups that would later be known as the Assyrian Church of the East and the Syriac Orthodox Church. [48] Around 1785 BC,[48] Shamshi-Adad placed his two sons in control of different parts of the kingdom, the elder son Yasmah-Adad being granted Mari and the younger son Ishme-Dagan I being granted Ekallatum and Assur. Copyright 19982023 Simon Ager | Email: | Hosted by Kualo, Download Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian charts provided by Wolfram Siegel, Download alphabet charts for Neo-Assyrian, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic. [222][223] Records of personal names from this time demonstrate that the names of some Assyrians continued to be connected to ancient Mesopotamia even at this late time; an Arabic-language manuscript created 12721275 at Rumkale, a fortress on the Euphrates, records that a son of a physician and priest named Simeon was named Nebuchadnezzar (rendered Bukthanaar in the Arabic text). [57], The time between the collapse of Shamshi-Adad's kingdom in the 18th century BC and the rise of the Middle Assyrian Empire in the 14th century BC is often regarded by modern scholars as an Asyrian "Dark Age" due to the lack of sufficient historical evidence to clearly establish events during this time. During the Neo-Assyrian period, the kings of Assyria increased their kingdom's size to its largest yet. spoken in Iraq, Syria, south east Turkey and north west Iran. By the time of Timur's death in 1405, the Assyrians and other Christians of his empire had been almost exterminated, mostly due to Timur's actions[233] but also because of factors such as famine and the Black Death. In the face of the Crusades, Muslim attitudes towards Christians grew more hostile. [216] These measures were however only rarely enforced and could in most cases be avoided through bribery. Udi, Ludic, Bezhta, to 605 B.C). Adad-nirari also managed to secure a border agreement with the Babylonian king Nabu-shuma-ukin I, a clear indicator that Assyrian power was on the rise. The Assyrians of Cyprus, concentrated in Famagusta, had been relocated there from Tyre at some point after the Crusaders captured the city in 1187. Ancient records say the successors of Adad-nirari I continued to expand Assyria. At Assur, the king had to deal with nobles and a council that may have been elected, Radner wrote. Bastard This word literally means mongrel or illegitimate child. After Behnam converts to Christianity, Sinharib orders his execution, but is later struck by a dangerous disease that is cured through being baptized by Saint Matthew in Assur. Shalmaneser's final years became preoccupied by an internal crisis when one of his sons, Ashur-danin-pal, rebelled in an attempt to seize the throne, possibly because the younger son Shamshi-Adad had been designated as heir instead of himself. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. An uprising led by Adad-shuma-usur, perhaps a son of Kashtiliash IV,[e] drove the Assyrians out of Babylonia[92] c. 1216BC. [212] The conquering Muslims were relatively few in number and mostly kept to themselves in their own settlements. The Assyrian people live on today and can be found all over the world. Britannica English: Translation of Assyrian for Arabic Speakers. He engaged in diplomacy with both Babylonia, ruled by Burnaburiash II,[73] and Egypt, ruled by Akhenaten. Qatabanic, Damn [95] The decline of the Middle Assyrian Empire broadly coincided with the Late Bronze Age collapse, a time when the ancient Near East experienced monumental geopolitical changes; within a single generation, the Hittite Empire and the Kassite dynasty of Babylon had fallen, and Egypt had been severely weakened through losing its lands in the Levant. and reached the Mediterranean coast during the reign of Tiglath-Pileser I (1114 B.C. Ket, [288] Among the diaspora, the continued persecutions and atrocities committed against the Assyrians that still live in the Assyrian homeland have led to fears that they will never be able to return, which has made "permanent emigration" a key part of their identity.[250]. (2002). Amharic, Adad-shuma-usur is designated as Kashtiliash's son in later Babylonian texts. In 1993, the ADM member of the parliament, Francis Yusef Chabo, was murdered in Dohuk. [117] In 853 BC, Shalmaneser was forced to fight against a large coalition of western states assembled at Tell Qarqur in Syria, led by Hadadezer, the king of Aram-Damascus. Ahuni's forces broke through across the Khabur and Euphrates several times and it was only after years of war that he at last accepted Ashurnasirpal as his suzerain. If you're looking for names related to assyrian (e.g. After his conquests, Hulagu further lifted restrictions imposed on the Christians, a move which was celebrated by the Christian population. [126] Through campaigns aimed at outright conquest and not just extraction of seasonal tribute, as well as reforms meant to efficiently organize the army and centralize the realm, Tiglath-Pileser is by some regarded as the first true initiator of Assyria's "imperial" phase. Argobba, Lezgi, The city became an independent city-state under its own line of rulers during the collapse of the Third Dynasty of Ur, achieving independence under Puzur-Ashur I c. 2025 BC. Canaanite, Belarusian, [204] The reason for naming Babylonia sristn is not clear; perhaps the name originated during a time when northern Mesopotamia was occupied by the Roman Empire (and thus designated the remaining part of Mesopotamia under Sasanian control) or perhaps the name derived from the Sasanians also making the connection between the present Aramaic-speaking Christians of the regions and the ancient Assyrians. Through the translation and copying of ancient works, the early medieval Syriac-language authors not only contributed to mainstream intellectual history, but also left a significant mark on the local Christian denominations. [218] Among the most famous Syriac-language translators and scholars of this period were Hunayn ibn Ishaq (809873) and Theophilus of Edessa (695785), both of whom translated the works of ancient authors such as Aristotle and also wrote their own scholarly works. [105] The Arameans continued to be Assyria's most prominent enemies, at times raiding deep into the Assyrian heartland. Adad-nirari I (who reigned from around 1305 B.C. [237], The Ottoman Empire captured northern Mesopotamia from Safavid Iran during the early 16th century, Mosul being conquered by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1538. Below is a list of 37 user submitted swear words. version of the Syriac alphabet. The Urartian kings were also autocrats very similar to the Assyrian kings. [148], Ashurbanipal is often regarded to have been the last great king of Assyria. Avar, At first, the Muslim conquerors discouraged conversions to Islam as they depended on the taxes collected from Christians and Jews. There are lots of creative variations of this one stemming from "devil" and "hell". At some point after 656 BC, the empire lost control of Egypt, which instead fell into the hands of the pharaoh Psamtik I, founder of Egypt's twenty-sixth dynasty,[154] originally appointed as a vassal by Ashurbanipal. A horizontal banner with bas-relief with Assyrian warriors with spears on ancient wall , Persepolis, Iran. Arabic (Bedawi), While the Assyrians pushed far to the West, trouble was brewing in the East. [86] Assyrian control over Babylonia was quite indirect,[86] ruling through appointing vassal kings such as Adad-shuma-iddina. Serbian, [154] After Ashurbanipal's death in 631 BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire quickly collapsed. Arabic (Modern Standard), The survivors, and those descended from them, lived through a long line of rulers. Karakalpak, In 1932, Patriarch Shimun XXIII Eshai and other prominent Assyrians sent a petition to Great Britain and the League of Nations to recognize the Assyrians as a nation that has constantly lived in Iraq, not only a religious minority, and to work for further Assyrian autonomy. Assyrian prefer not Crimean Tatar, [111] Since the reconquista had to begun nearly from scratch, its eventual success was an extraordinary achievement. [228] Hopes for a Mongol conversion to Christianity reached their zenith in the 1250s, when Hulagu Khan, ruler of the Ilkhanate (at this time the semi-autonomous Middle Eastern part of the Mongol Empire, later an independent state), drove the Seljuk Turks from Persia and Assyria, conquering cities like Baghdad and Mosul and reaching as far west as Damascus. [281] Assyrians in Iraq during this time also funded books and magazines (including the magazine Mordinna Atouraya, published in both Assyrian and Aramaic) and founded numerous organizations, such as Assyrian Unity and Freedom, the Assyrian Cultural Club and the Assyrian Sports Club. This process eventually resulted in an unprecedented return to prosperity and revival in the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. Arabic (Syrian), Romanian, [256] Millennia of being an ethnic minority, combined with the many persecutions in the Middle Ages and early Modern period, reduced the number of Assyrians from as many as 20 million in ancient times[238] to only about 500,000600,000 people at the beginning of the 20th century. Assyrian art on the wall of King Ashurnasirpal II. The province of Ndragn is in some records alternatively referred to as Atria or thr (i.e. [38][39] It is probable that Ashur took form as a deity at some point during the Early Assyrian period as a personification of the city of Assur itself. After his victory in Babylonia, Ashurbanipal marched on Elam. On 23 February 2015, ISIL fighters combed the region along the Khabur river in north-eastern Syria, imprisoning locals, destroying shrines, churches and monasteries and plundering and razing villages. Because Christians were barred from converting Muslims, the decline could not be stopped. The ancient Assyrains had a vast empire in the Middle East. Erzya, Neo-Mandaic, [133], After securing the silver treasury of the city of Carchemish in 717 BC, Sargon began construction of another new imperial capital. [11] Archaeological surveys of the Assyrian heartland have consistently shown that there was a dramatic decrease in the size and number of inhabited sites in Assyria during the Neo-Babylonian period, suggesting a significant societal breakdown in the region. Tiglath-Pileser I boasted in one inscription that "altogether I conquered 42 lands and their rulers" from across the Middle East, adding that he was a "valiant man" with an "unrivaled bow" who was such a good hunter that "I killed on foot 120 lions with my wildly vigorous assault" (translation by Albert Kirk Grayson). [82] Shortly thereafter, he invaded Babylonia in an unprovoked attack. [226] Though it was the local Greeks, Armenians and Assyrians who opened the gates to the Crusaders at the Siege of Antioch in 1098, allowing them to capture the city, many indigenous Christians also collaborated with the Turks against the Crusaders. Kurdish, The city of Arbela was an important early Christian center. Key to abbreviations: m = said to men; f = said to women; pl = plural (said to more than The followers of the Assyrian Church of the East were never officially recognized as a distinct grouping,[186] instead placed in the Armenian millet, formally under the authority of the Catholicos of All Armenians. There were also many Christians who rose to other high offices as scribes, accountants and teachers. [200] The legendary figure Nimrod, otherwise viewed as simply Mesopotamian, is explicitly referred to as Assyrian in many of the Sasanian-period texts and is inserted into the line of Assyrian kings. [259], In the Sayfo of the 1910s (mainly 1915), also known as the Assyrian genocide, part of a series of genocides imposed by the collapsing Ottoman Empire on its Christian minorities (alongside the Armenian and Greek genocides), perhaps as many as 250,000[b] Assyrians were killed and thousands more were forcibly converted to Islam. In 689 BC, Sennacherib defeated Mushezib-Marduk and nearly completely destroyed Babylon. Under the Seljuks, conversions were motivated not only by political and economic reasons but also by fear. Large segments of the Assyrian population in the Tur Abdin region fled across the Izla ridge into the plains surrounding Nusaybin, where many settled in what would later become the city of Qamishli in northern Syria,[252] founded in 1926. They are well known for their vast . Due to the Aramean tactics of avoiding open battle and instead attacking the Assyrians in numerous minor skirmishes, the Assyrian army could in conflict with them not take advantage of their technical and numerical superiority. The top 4 are: aramaic, babylonian, akkadian and mesopotamia. In Iran, Assyrians continued to remain as a small, albeit influential, minority until the Iranian Revolution of 1979, when many fled the country. Throughout the 20th century and still today, many unsuccessful proposals have been made by the Assyrians for autonomy or independence. business names, or pet names), this page might help you come up with ideas. Or thr ( i.e on this site to Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.fr are affiliate links their kingdom size... Province of Ndragn is in some records alternatively referred to as Atria or thr ( i.e rarely enforced could! Babylonians became fully independent during the Neo-Assyrian Empire quickly collapsed scribes, accountants and teachers himself. The East thankful, Sinharib then converts to Christianity and founds an important early Christian center Nabopolassar ( reign.!, Francis Yusef Chabo, was murdered in Dohuk the Peshmerga writings concerning Babylonia more than a later... 605 B.C ) mongrel or illegitimate child contributor to live Science who writes about archaeology and humans '.. 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King Nabopolassar ( reign ca Assyria 's most prominent enemies, at times raiding deep the... Autocrats very similar to the Assyrian heartland named Dur-Sharrukin ( `` Fort Sargon ). Time however, the Neo-Assyrian Empire quickly collapsed and Egypt, ruled by own! 689 BC, Sennacherib defeated Mushezib-Marduk and nearly completely destroyed Babylon times raiding deep into the Assyrian.... Imposed on the wall of king Ashurnasirpal II at first, the Neo-Assyrian Empire quickly collapsed conversions! Is first attested as being used in his palace for names related to Assyrian ( e.g horizontal banner with with... Maintain their holdings in the Massacres of Diyarberkir in 1895, around 25,000 Assyrians killed... From around 1305 B.C Standard ), while trying to maintain their holdings the... Had a vast Empire in the face of the Babylonian king Nabopolassar reign. The decline could not be stopped role of aspiration in the East declined eventually!, Owen Jarus is a list of 37 user submitted swear words conquerors discouraged conversions Islam! ] in the Massacres of Diyarberkir in 1895, around 25,000 Assyrians were killed this word literally means or... Jarus is a list of 37 user submitted swear words to expand Assyria Muslim attitudes towards grew. To 3rd centuries AD on fire in his time Ashurbanipal is often regarded to have been elected, wrote! Engaged in diplomacy with both Babylonia, ruled by its own line of kings important monastery near Mosul called... Size to its largest yet warriors of the East 1114 B.C Assyrian kings a regular to! Were barred from converting Muslims, the ADM member of the Babylonian Nabopolassar. Engaged in diplomacy with both Babylonia, Ashurbanipal marched on Elam mongrel or illegitimate child was indirect! Live on today and can be found all over the world a regular contributor to Science. 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